CRCB Chapter 14

Use the Internet source evaluation system describe in this chapter as a tool for assessing websites.As a reader and thinker,become an open minded skeptic by considering each website's Relevancy,Reliability,Credibility and Accuracy using the following seven steps;Know your Purpose,Double-check facts and sources,consider the source,Evaluate content,Determine intended audience,Evaluate the writing,Use what you already know.

Accessing information from the Web is a skill you need to learn not only for college, but also for the world of work. As a reader and thinker, become an ‘open minded skeptic’ by considering each web site’s Relevancy, Reliability, Credibility and Accuracy using the following seven steps:
1. Know your purpose.
2. Double-check facts and sources.
3. Consider the source.
4. Evaluate content.
5. Determine intended audience.
6. Evaluate the writing.
7. Use what you already know.

CRCB chapter 13

Critical reading means to asking and answering questions about your reading material at all level thinking. Bloom’s taxonomy lists six levels of critical thinking –knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation- that you can use to deepen your understanding of textbook material. By creating and answering questions at each of these levels, you will be better able to predict the kind of questions your instructor will ask on an exam and better prepared to answer them.

Lists six levels of critical thinking-Knowledge,Comprehension,Application,Analysis,Synthesis and Evaluation-that can use to deepen your understanding of textbook material.By creating and answering questions at each of these levels,you will be better able to predict the kinds of questions your instructor will ask on exam and better prepare to answer them

CRCB Chapter 12

Arguments are the logical structures that people use when they write and speak to present ideas and persuade others to support those ideas.An argument consists of two or more statements that include one conclusion and at least one reason that support it.

Two primary types of arguments are deductive and inductive.
1.Deductive have at least one premise that logically leads to a conclusion.
2.Inductive begin with a series of specific observations and conclude with a generalization that logically flows from them.

CRCB Chapter 11

Visual information reinforces and supplements reading material.Types of visual aids include mind maps,outlines,charts,diagrams,graphics,illustrations,photographs and time lines.The type of information being conveyed determines what type of visual aid an author will use.Learning how to read visuals helps to understand and remember the textual information they illustrate.

Types of visual aids include mind maps, outlines, charts, diagrams, graphs, illustrations, photographs, and time lines.An effective reading and study strategy is to make your own visual aids. Here fore you have to recognize the important elements in what you are reading and be able to prioritize and organize them in a logical and useful format.

CRCB Chapter 10

Textbook marking is a systematic way of marking, highlighting, and labeling ideas to show how they are related to each other and which are most important. It also helps you to remember what you had read.At the end of the study-reading stage of textbook reading, you should look for and mark these items: main ideas, major supporting details, and new vocabulary. Beyond these three basic elements of textbook marking, you should use your experience in lecture and lab to decide if you need to mark more. Always mark information that is unclear; to remind yourself to find out what it means before you are tested on the material.

CRCB Chapter9

The PSR technique requires that you question yourself before,during and after you read.It encourages you to participate in a reader-author conversation rather than to read passively.In this conversation,you access what the author says and decide if it makes sense to you.you also add what you know to the conversation by recalling related information.It helps to understand and remember the textmaterial.
The PSR technique also requires you to respond to readings by writing in your journal. Review reading using your journal can helps you to understand an author’s ideas and helps you relate the material to what you already know..

CRCB chapter 8

In this chapter we can will learn about different methods of textbook organization, learn to recognize that signal the different methods, practice techniques that will help we identify, organize and remember textbook methods of organization.

It is important to access an author's overall method of organization,An author frequently use more than one method from paragraph to paragraph but hve one overall method for each textbook chapter

CRCB Chapter 7

In this chapter on advanced reading comprehension, we can learn:
What inference is ?Strategies you can use to infer an author's meening as you read.What limits the amount of information you should inter.How to identify implied main ideas.

Inference is a skill you practice everyday,inferring meaning from textbooks and other college reading material requires you to use specific strategies such as detecting an author's bias,noting comparisons and recognizing information gaps and to understand purpose of tone and use of key words and emotive language can be used as clues to his or her implied main idea.

CRCB Chapter 6

In this chapter you will learn:
What supporting details are.How to distinguish between details and main ideas.How to identify and prioritize majoy and minor details in paragraphs,articles,and texbook chapters

Details are specific pieces of information that serve as the "arms and legs"of the main idea.They are usually presented as facts,opinions,examples,illustrations,explanations or definitions and are frequently discovered by asking questions.In order to understand a paragraph ,you need to be able to pinpoint the topic and locate the main idea.It is the "key concept" being expressed.It supports the main idea by telling how,what,when,where,why,how much,or how many

CRCB chapter5

The main idea is key to understanding your reading.details which is more specific,support and illustrate the main idea like types of unusual foods,tongue,ants,alligator,kangaroo.Looking in the obvious spots help you to find the main idea more efficiently.Noticing clue words and categorizing ideas helps you to separate examples and other supporting ideas from the larger,main points,so the relationships between ideas become clear.Some main ideas are stated directly in a reading and are easy to identify.Others are implied,and you must infer their meaning from the reading and then restate them in your own words.Implied main ideas and strategies for detecting them will be explored.

CRCB chapter 4

How to develop a daily reading planSeveral strategies, including skimming, regressing, subvocailizing, and pacing, that will increase your reading efficiency.Comprehension should be your main reading goal, not how fast you read.Develop a general study schedule that shows specifically when you plan to study for each class and for how long.The reading tips suggested in this chapter that will contribute to your becoming a more efficient reader are: reading quickly when appropriate, skimming, regressing or rereading, subvocalizing, pacing.

CRCB Chapter 3

Memory is the process of storing and retrieving information and as in any process,successive steps or stages are essential for it to work.
The three primary stages in the memory process are sensory member, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Specific strategies you can use to enhance your sensory memory include the following :reading your text aloud, drawing pictures of the information you are leaning ,acting out a chapter in front of a mirror or an audience ,visualizing information in your head, using your fingers to point to new words ,and reading while riding an exercise bike. Chunking is an effective strategy for organizing and remembering new information so that t remains in your short-term memory long enough to transfer into your long-term memory.

CRCB chapter 2

Chapter 2 is about Developing Your College
Vocabulary building is one of the most important reading strategies you can learn. By increasing your vocabulary, you increase you understanding of textbook information. You also increase you ability to speak and write well-to communicate effectively. A rich vocabulary allow you access to many types of reading material, while limited one prevents you from fully understanding what you read.

Vocabulary by learning new vocabulary you are building important reading strategies. Also by increasing your vocabulary, you increase your understanding of textbook information. In addition you will increase your ability to speak and write well- to communicate effectively.Developing Your Vocabulary; reading and listening comprehension will improve more words. You can use these important strategies to help you figure out the meaning of unfamiliar words: context clues and word part analysis, writing in your textbook, creating word maps, understanding denotation and connotation, journal writing, and the card review system (CRS). One of the best way of making word a part of your vocabulary is the use of it in your daily life.

CRCB chapter 1

Chapter 1 it's about Reading in College.Reading is an active process that depends on both an author’s ability to convey meaning using words and ability to create meaning from them. You need to constantly connect what you already know about the information to the words the author has written.
Keeping a learning journal is also an active learning task. it helps you identify what you understand in a reading assignment and what is still unclear. it can also help you to understand how you learn, which learning styles work best for you, and how you can improve those with which you have difficulty.concentration involves purposely focusing your attention on task while simultaneously blocking out distractions. the first step in achieving this is to learn what internal and external distractors block your concentration. the second step is to record your concentration habits in your reading journal.

TFY 12

1. Deductive reasoning is the process of starting with one or more statements called premises and investigating what conclusions necessarily follow from these premises.

2. Deduction is the subject of formal logic, whose main concern is with creating forms that demonstrate reasoning.

3. The standardized language of syllogisms allows a reduction of every day language into verbal equations.

4. Syllogisms allow logicians to determine what is being said, to identify hidden premises, and to find out out if the argument makes senses.

5. Deductive and inductive reasoning are not isolated pursuits but are mentally interwoven both in major and mundane problem solving.

6. It is possible to infer the rules of valid and invalid reasoning from the study of models.

TFY Chapter 11

Chapter 11-inductive reasoning and inductive fallacies:

How do I reason from evidence?

1. Inductive reasoning is the process of thinking that you used in describing a fruit, vegetable, or tool in chapter

2. The inductive method is also called the empirical or scientific method

3. Induction arsons from evidence about some members of a class in order to form a conclusion about all members of that class.

4. Induction can be done through sensory observation, enumeration, analogous reasoning ,causal reasoning ,and pattern recognition

5. A hypothesis is a trial idea that can be used to further investigation in an inductive study

6. Inductive reasoning is used as a method for obtaining information when it would be impossible to examine all the data available

7. The five basic rules for evaluating the reliability of hypotheses based on statically samplings are as follow:

a. The greater the size of the sample, the greater is its probability of being representative of the whole of a population.

b. A sampling must be representative in order to lead to reliable resultsc. One counterexample can refute a generalization arrived at through inductive reasoningd.

Statically evaluating should be offered in sufficient detail for verificationse. When evaluating the results of polls, it is important to examine both the polling agency and polling question for bias.

TFY Chapter10

1. Word ambiguity uses undefined and vague words in an argument, seeking to gain an advantage by using words that could be interpreted in more than one way.

2. Misleading euphemisms are words that hide meaning by wrapping a less acceptable idea in positive or neutral connotations. The use of euphemisms is fallacious in an argument when the goal is to be evasive, to mislead, or to disarm awareness and objections.

3. Prejudicial language persuades through the use of loaded words that convey a bias while pretending to convey objects information.

4. Appeals to fear and pity seek to persuade through affecting emotions rather than through sound rational support for an argument.

5. Appeal to false authority seeks to influence others by citing phony or inappropriate authorities. This false authority might be a person a tradition or conventional wisdom.

6. Appeal to bandwagon is another example of the appeal to authority. In this case, the authority is the exhilarating momentum of the herd instinct.

7. Personal attack refutes another argument by attacking the opponent rather than addressing the argument itself. This fallacy can take the form of using abusive language or name-calling.

8. Poisoning the well seeks to prejudice others against a person, group, or idea and prevent their positions from being heard. This technique seeks to remove the neutrality necessary for listing and to implant prejudice instead.

9. The red herring is a ploy of distraction. It makes a claim, then instead of following through with support, it minimizes the issue or diverts attention into irrelevant issues.

10. The straw man is an argument that misrepresents, oversimplifies, or caricatures an opponent's position; it creats a false replica then destroys the replica.

TFY chapter 9

Summary on chapter-9 Argument

(What's a Good Argument?)The critical reading of arguments is an active endeavor that requires involvement,interaction with questions and evaluation.The questions asked in the critical reading of arguments are:

(a)What viewpoint is the source of this argument?(b)What is the issue of controversy?(c)How is the argument structured in terms of reasons and conclusions?(d)What are the argument's strengths and weakness?

The analysis of arguments in terms of their reasons and conclusions applies to both inductive and deductive arguments.Reasons include data,evidence and premises,while conclusions include those deductively drawn as well as hypothesis.Arguments state and defend a claim in an attempt to persuade.It disguised as reports slant the facts and language toward a bias.

TFY chapter 8

The ability to detach from one’s own point of view and assume another’s is an important skill; it enables us to communicate better with others and gain new perspectives.In literature an author can choose a third person to tell the story with omniscient or limited understanding.

Other choices of viewpoint include a first-person narrative told by character or the multiple points of view shared by several characters.Viewpoints, like assumptions, opinions, and evaluations, may or may not be consciously recognized.

Unconscious viewpoints include the egocentric, ethnocentric, religiocentric, andocentric, and anthropocentric.U.S. politics cannot be defined in terms of a simple left-to-left spectrum of viewpoints.News framing describes the way an editor uses layout design, placement, and headlines to sensationalize, downplay, exaggerate, or convey importance

.Discovery Exercises p.220-

Viewpoints: What's the Filter?

Viewpoint: The position of the camera in relation to the subject.

Point of view: the perspective from which a story is told.

Attitude: a complex mental state involving beliefs and feelings and values and dispositions to act in certain ways.

Bias: influence in an unfair way, a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation.

Perspective: Perspective may mean: Literally, in visual topics:

Perspective (visual), is the way in which objects appear to the eye.

Perspective (graphical), means to represent the effects of visual perspective in drawings.
Frame of reference: A frame of reference is a particular perspective from which the universe is observed.

Specifically, in physics, it refers to a provided set of axes from which an observer can measure the position and motion of all points in a system, as well as the orientation of objects in it

TFY Chapter 7

1. evaluations make judgements about worth on the basis of standards that may be conscious or unconscious.

2. evaluations can help us react quickly to situations where our survival is at stake. but this same tendency to evaluate first instead of last may be problematical when we don't reexamine our evidence to make sure our evaluation is warranted.

3. evaluations are not facts. factual reports keep the distinction between facts and evaluations clear.

4. premature evaluations are hasty evaluations that contain unexamined or faulty support.

5. feelings and expectations affect both our perceptions an evaluations.

6. all of us meed to learn how to make fair and sound evaluations since they affect our lives constantly. experts are those who have a reputations for offering skilled and reliable evaluations.

7. connotative words convey evaluations that can be used to sway our opinions. when we think critically, we recognize how these connotations affect our feelings so that we can choose or not choose to accept the opinions they contain.

8. evaluations are used in advertising and journalism to persuade us, sometimes hypnotically, to make positive associations with products and purchase them.

9. critical thinking requires that we stay alert to manipulative advertising techniques that are most effective when can be enticed to enter into a trance state.

10. propaganda employs many sophisticated manipulative techniques of persuasion. one of these is the use of hidden evaluations. a critical thinker knows how to recognize and detach from the influence of propaganda.

TFY chapter 6

Opinion can be substantiated or not. They can be based either on reason or solely on whim, feeling, emotions, or prejudice. It should be not confuse with facts. Critical thinking requires that we recognize the difference between responsible and irresponsible opinion.

TFY Chapter5

Assumption is something we take for granted,something we accept prematurely as being true,something we do not check out carefully and do not recognize that we have made an assumption until it causes a problem for us.It can be conscious or unconscious,warranted or unwarranted.Hidden assumption are unconscious assumptions that are greatly influence a line of reasoning.one form of example-stereolypes where as another type is value assumptions or basic unexamined beliefs that unconsciously influence our thinking.

TFY chapter 4

Inference: Is the act or process of deriving a conclusion based solving on what one already knows.Facts and inferences are linked together through generalizations.


You will understand how observation helps determine facts imagination and reasoning to link the fact with explanation and how generalization ties all this information together into meaningful whole.Inference also can be use in addition as a strategy in planning and choosing alternative when it comes to solving problems.

TFY Chapter 3

A fact is something known with certainly through experience, observation, or measurement. A fact is something that people agree corresponds to reality.
It is not easy for us to determine whether facts correspond to reality. This can only be determined over time with repeated feedback and testing.


The difference between facts and fiction does matter.
Feelings are facts; they can distort or enhance our perceptions, depending on how conscious we are of their presence.


Facts are not absolutes but statements of probability. Because we are dependent on confirmation from others in our search for facts, social pressures can lead us to distrust or distort our own perceptions.


Fact must be expressed in carefully formulated statements that have the following characteristics:
-They define their own limitations.
-They are objectively stated.
-They use appropriate qualifiers.
-They state the obvious.
-They are not inappropriately cautious.
-They do not include guesses or inferences.
-They are specific and offer their

Discovery Exercises p.75- Facts: What Real?
Know: be cognizant or aware of a fact or a specific piece of information; possess knowledge or information about; know how to do or perform something.

Certain: certain(a): definite but not specified or identified;

certain(p): having or feeling no doubt or uncertainty;

certain(p): established beyond doubt or question; definitely known.
Verified: corroborated: supported or established by evidence or proof.
Existence: being: the state or fact of existing; is an ontological topic par excellence.

Real: being or occurring in fact or actuality; having verified existence; not illusory.
Fact: a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred.

TFY Chapter 2

1.When Frederick Douglass grasped the concept of abolition,he understood it was possible for him to become free.False
2.Words can be used to do a better or worse job of describing experiences but can never be more than transltions of the experiences themselves.False
3.A dictionary can help us think better when we use it to clear up word confusion.True
4.Definition of a word show the word's boundaries.True
5.Knowing the words for things helps us see them better.True
6.We donot fully understand a word unless we can define it.True
7.When people debate a tropic,understanding is greatly helped by their taking the time to define the key termsTrue
8.Etymology gives us word histories.True
9.Pocket dictionaries are sufficient guides for a critical study of word meanings.False
10.The word ohm comes from the sanskrit language and means the sound of creation.True
11.According to most dictionaries,there is more than one acceptable spelling of the word cooperate.True
12.The term French leave means to say good-bye with a big kiss.False
13.The prefex in in the words insignificant and inflammable means not in latin.True
14.The following words all contain the sound calle aschwa;mass,polite,placement,bogus,visible.False
15.The word nausea can be pronounced atleast three different ways.False
16.The word round can function as six different parts of speech;adjective,noun,transitive and intransitive verb,adverb,and preposition.False
17.Egregious comes from a latin word meaning standing out from the herd.True
18.The word nadir in the phrase "the nadir of politics" means the highest point.False
19.A cogent argument is a convincing one.True
20.The word decimate means to dice something up into pieces.True

TFY chapter1

Observation is a process of sensing, perceiving, and thinking.

1 Observation skills are learned mainly through book learning. Support for Answers. On the contrary, observation is learned from participation, which is more active and spontaneous than reading. Samuel Scudder learned observing through the active coaching of his teacher Agassiz as well as from his own efforts, curiosity, and persistence in studying his fish. False
2. The standard academic study of all the physical sciences requires observation skills, whether in the field or laboratory. False
3. In thinking, the correctness of our conclusions usually depends on the clarity of our perceptions. True
4. Observation skills can be extended to observing how you observe. True
5. An insight is an experience of understanding that can occur spontaneously after we observe something intently for a while. One illustration of this experience is the story of Archimedes, who, while in his bath, discovered the means of measuring the value of an irregular solid by the displacement of water. True
6. Agassiz was simply too busy to give his student all the assistance he needed. False
7. Perception and sensation are synonyms. True
8. It is difficult to feel sensation and to think at the same time. If we want to feel whether a pair of new shoes fits properly, we have to pay attention. True
9. Assimilation, according to Piaget, is an experience of easily understanding something that readily fits into our preexisting schemes or world view. True
10. The word thinking, according to the dictionary, has only one meaning.False

where do i stand